17. From inside the conflict, the government marketed traditional hairstyles and you can trends for all its victims; for females, quick, bowl-shaped haircuts and you will loose-fitting, high-waisted monpe jeans (are not worn regarding country) were encouraged while the body language off austerity, modesty and you will household front side service towards total war efforts. To possess an explanation and you may studies out-of wartime shojo depictions in shojo zasshi, find Imada Erika, 2007, pp. 57–83. To own descriptions away from wartime manner and hairstyles to possess mature females, see Wakakuwa, 2000 Wakakuwa, Midori . 2000 . Senso ga tsukuru joseizo: Dai niji sekai taisenka no Nihon josei doin zero shikakuteki puropaganda, Tokyo : Chikuma gakugei bunko . [Google College student] and you may Atkins, 2005 Atkins, Jacqueline . 2005 . “ Lavishness is the adversary: Trends and fabrics inside the wartime The japanese, in Jacqueline Atkins ”. In the Putting on propaganda: Fabric into family top from inside the The japanese, The uk, while the You, 1931–1945, 157 – 169 . The newest Refuge and London : Yale College or university Drive . [Yahoo College student] .
18. Tanabe, ‘Shojo shosetsu ni muchu datta koro’, away from Bara no kobeya yori, reprinted in the Honda, 1991 Honda, Masuko . 1991 . “ Senjika no shojo zasshi, inside the Otsuka Eiji ”. Into the Shojo zasshi ron, Tokyo : Tokyo shoseki . [Bing Beginner] , pp. 36–37.
19. Facts out of More youthful Yard, the fresh translated Japanese identity from Louisa Will get Alcott’s Absolutely nothing Female. New identity Wakakusa Monogatari are used when the film was revealed inside the Japan when you look at the 1934; earlier blogged translations and you can adjustment regarding Alcott’s classic got various other titles.
20. Other types regarding shojo activities, specifically brand new Takarazuka Revue, may also have offered a design for the right guy with its version of the newest danso no reijin[beautiful lady in men https://datingmentor.org/escort/jacksonville/ outfits], the fresh new otokoyaku. Takarazuka not just expanded a dedicated shojo group of followers through the wartime and postwar age, but was looked regularly in shojo zasshi, in particular Shojo zero tomo. Getting a description and you will historic/anthropological data of Takarazuka Revue, come across Robertson, 1998 Robertson, Jennifer . 1998 . [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] .
21. As far back as new 1910s, coaches and you may moral supporters considered flick theatres since the reproduction reasons for this new furyo, or once the furyo’s google search cause of their jogakusei subjects. Some girls’ schools place rigorous standards toward pupils who wanted to sit in movie theatres, otherwise prohibited attendance outright. Come across Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko in order to jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Bing College student] , pp. 142–forty-two.
Note: since the postcard respondent (or perhaps the editor) made use of another spelling (Wakagusa in the place of Wakakusa), the product quality spelling and pronunciation try Wakakusa
22. The fresh new intimate overtones from sharing an enthusiastic umbrella have prewar and very early wartime precedents. Discover Kawabata Yasunari’s short story, ‘Amagasa’ (Umbrella) from 1932, which contains an excellent romantically energized world of a few youths discussing an umbrella. My thanks to Jan Bardsley for pointing out so it commitment.
23. See ‘Civilizing “Degenerate” Students’, during the Ambaras, 2006 Ambaras, David . 2006 . Bad young people: Juvenile delinquency therefore the politics regarding day to day life for the progressive Japan, Berkeley and Los angeles : University off Ca Push . [Yahoo Beginner] , pp. 66–96.
twenty-four. The fresh fee alter signifies data regarding 1946–50 as opposed to 1936–40 (Lunden, 1953 Lunden, Walter A beneficial. 1953 . Juvenile delinquency from inside the Japan. Pre-battle, conflict, and you will post-combat many years . The new Journal out-of Criminal Laws, Criminology, and you will Police Research, 44(4): 428 – 432 . November-December [Crossref] , [Bing Scholar] , p. 430).
The actual only real exception towards the intercourse-segregated system out of blog post-primary studies regarding Meiji period toward wartime several months try the latest coeducational Tokyo Music University [Tokyo ongaku gakko]
seven. I analyse such depictions in detail from the wartime part into the my personal dissertation into the shojo zasshi:‘The Girl’s a level: Representations from Womanliness and Adolescence for the Japanese Girls’ Periodicals, 1930s-1960s’ (PhD Dissertation, Stanford College or university, 2008).
16. Get a hold of Inagaki, 2007 Inagaki, Kyoko . 2007 . Jogakko to help you jogakusei: kyoyo, tashinami, modan bunka, Tokyo : Chuo koron shinsha . [Bing Beginner] , p. 207.